Ethnotheology Studies Concerning the Substance of Folk Religion as Local Theology of the Tugutil Ethnic in Halmahera Towards Contextual Ministry
Abstract
This article is an ethnotheological study of the substance of Folk Religion as Local Theology of the Tugutil Ethnic in Halmahera Island, North Maluku Province, Indonesia. This study examines and describes the elements of folk religion, namely beliefs about God, humans, sin and salvation as the fundamental beliefs of traditional societies with animism-dynamism patterns. The research was carried out using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The results of this study show that the local theology of the Tugutil ethnicity regarding Jou Ma Dutu as God. He was the creator and owner of the universe; trichotomous human nature o roehe-o gikiri-o gurumini; the human reality that is o baradoha ma nyawa which only causes the instability of the universe and disturbances to the ancestral spirits. Likewise, the concept of salvation they believe in is present and pragmatic, which does not give place to futuristic eternal life. The final result of this study shows that by examining deeply folk religion, the local theology was adopted by the Tugutil ethnic group. It becomes a consideration for implementing sociocultural approaches and contextual ministry, both spiritual and social ministry, for the Tugutil ethnic group as one of the isolated community groups in Indonesia.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdulrahman, Safrudin. “Ritual Gomatere: Praktek Shamanisme Pada Orang Tugutil.” Etnohistori 1, no. 2 (2014): 64-78. http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/811
Bevans, Stephen B. Model-Model Teologi Kontekstual. Maumere: Penerbit Ledalero, 2002.
Bevans, Stephen B., and Katalina Tahaafe-Williams. Contextual Theology for the Twenty First Century. Cambridge: James Clark and Co, 2012.
Bubandt, Nils Ole. Warriors of the Hornbill, Victims of the Mantis: History and Embodied Morality Among the Buli of Central Halmahera. Canberra: Australian National University, 1995.
Djurubasa, A. “Sasi Gereja: Suatu Kajian Teologis Tentang Praktek Sasi Gereja di Lingkungan Gereja Masehi Injili di Halmahera Khususnya Wilayah Kao Timur dan Kao Barat.” Tesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia Tomohon, 2000.
Duncan, Christopher R. “Social Change and the Reformulation of Identity Among the Forest Tobelo of Halmahera Tengah.” CAKALELE 8 (1997): 79-90. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f7b0fe5e-c2a5-40ca-b974-88d3703d47ef/content
Duncan, C. Ethnic Identity: Christian Conversion and Resertlement Among and Forest Tobelo of Northestern Halmahera, Indonesia. New Haven: Yale University, 1998.
Elmer, Duane. Cross Cultural Connections. Downers Grove-Illinois: Inter Varsity Press, 2002.
Elmer, Duane. Cross Cultural Servanthood. Downers Grove-Illinois: Inter Varsity Press, 2006.
Gilliland, Dean. The Word Among Us-Contextualizing Theology for Mission Today. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1989.
Guthrie, Stan. Missions in the Third Millennium: 21 Key Trends for the 21st Century. Waynesborn: Paternoster, 2005.
Hadiwiyono, Harun. Religi Suku Murba di Indonesia. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2006.
Haire, James. The Character and Theological Struggle Church in Halmahera, Indonesia 1941-1979. Frankfurt: Verlag Peter D. Lang, 1981.
Honig, A. G. Ilmu Agama. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2005.
Kana, Niko L. Agama, Budaya dan Konteks. Jakarta: Institute for Community and Development Studies, 2006
Keesing, Roger M. Antropologi Budaya Suatu Perspektif Kontemporer Jilid 1. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 1999.
Kirk, Jerome and Marc Louis Miller. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. New York: Sage Publication, 1986.
Koentjaraningrat. Masyarakat Terasing di Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1993.
Koentjaraningrat. Manusia dan Kebudayaan Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan, 2000.
Koentjaraningrat. Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi Edisi Baru. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009.
Kraft, Charles. Christianity in Culture: A Study in Dynamic Biblical Theologizing in Cross Cultural Perpective. Maryknoll-New York: Orbis, 1979.
Leith, Jennifer. “Resettlement history, resources and resistance in North Halmahera.” In Old World Places, New World Problems: Exploring issues of resource management in Eastern Indonesia. Ed. S. Pannell and F. von Benda-Beckmann. Canberra: Australian National University, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 1998.
Leith, Jennifer. “Resettlement and Restless Tree Spirits: Shifting Identities and Resource-based Livelihoods in North Halmahera.” CAKALELE 10 (1999): 62-76. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4255/1/UHM.CSEAS.Cakalele.v10.Leith.pdf.
Martodirjo, Haryo S. Orang Tugutil di Halmahera Tengah Sebuah Catatan Etnografi. Bandung: Universitas Negeri Padjadjaran, 1984.
Martodirdjo, Haryo S. Orang Tugutil di Halmahera, Struktur dan Dinamika Sosial Masyarakat Penghuni Hutan. Bandung: Universitas Negeri Padjadjaran, 1991.
Mawikere, Marde Christian Stenly and Sudiria Hura. “Kajian Etnologi Guna Menentukan Substansi Sosio-Kultural Sebagai Potensi Pengembangan Masyarakat Yang Kontekstual Kepada Suku Tugutil di Pulau Halmahera, Maluku Utara.” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 8, No. 6 (April 2022): 57-74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6420809.
Moleong, Lexy. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2005.
Mojau, Julianus. Religiositas Kekristenan Halmahera. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2022.
Moreau, Scott A., ed. Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000.
Pannell, S., and F. von Benda-Beckmann, ed. Old World Places, New World Problems: Exploring Issues of Resource Management in Eastern Indonesia. Canberra: Australia National University, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 1998.
Platenkamp, J. D. M. Tobelo Ides and Values of a North Moluccan Society. Leiden: Repro Psychologie, 1988.
Platenkamp, J. D. M. Tobelo, Moro, Ternate: The Cosmological Valorization of Historical Events. Münster: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 1993.
Platenkamp, J. D. M. “Transforming Tobelo Ritual.” In Daniel de Coppet, ed. Understanding Rituals. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
Simanjuntak, Radios, Ervizal A. M. Zuhud and Agus Hikmat. “Etnobotani Masyarakat O Hongana Ma Nyawa di Desa Wangongira, Kabupaten Halmahera Utara.” Jurnal Media Konservasi 20, no. 3 (Desember 2015): 252-260. https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/12633
Spradley, James P. Metode Etnografi. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 2011.
Taylor, Paul Michael. The Folk Biology of the Tobelo People: A Study in Folk Classification. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1990.
Teljeur, Dirk. The Symbolic System of the Giman of Halmahera. Holland: Foris Publications, 1990.
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an out-of-the-way place. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Tuner, Jonathan H. Herbert Spencer a Renewed Appreciation. England: Sage Publication, 1985.
Whiteman, Darrell L. “Contextualization: The Theory, the Gap, the Challenge.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research Journal 21, no. 1 (01 January 1997): 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/239693939702100101
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25278/jj.v20i2.694
viewed = 0 times
